Dissertations/Thesis

Clique aqui para acessar os arquivos diretamente da Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFAL

2024
Dissertations
1
  • NAYARA TAYRONA BELTRÃO MALTA DE PADUA
  • Operational management of a water treatment plant for the supply of slaughterhouse and bovine frigorific

  • Advisor : DAYANA DE GUSMAO COELHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DAYANA DE GUSMAO COELHO
  • DAYSY LIRA OLIVEIRA CAVALCANTI
  • EDUARDO LUCENA CAVALCANTE DE AMORIM
  • NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • ELIZABETH REGINA HALFELD DA COSTA
  • Data: Jan 24, 2024


  • Show Abstract
  • In the bovine slaughtering and slaughterhouse industry, water has a high consumption, as it is used for several purposes including the Legislation of Sanitary Hygiene patterns; being applied both in washing, sterilization and building-cleaning activities as well as for carcasses, viscera and by-products. Memorandum No 105/2018 of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA) sets the frequency and the ways of monitoring the water quality to verify its potability in production areas. In this context, this dissertation aims to evaluate the operational management of a conventional full-cycle Water Treatment Plant, located in a slaughterhouse and bovine refrigerator; covering from the quality of raw water, the ETA Project parameters accordingly with NBR 12.216, the Water Station Quality – IQETA, study of the type and dosage of coagulant and the treatment of the quality of treated water to the potability Ordinance GM/MS No 888/2021. For this purpose, physico-chemical and bacteriological analyses will be carried out on raw and treated water, as well as a field survey of the unities that make up ETA for identification of hydraulic designs and operation parameters and clotting assays in JarTest equipment. It is expected with it to identify measures that can improve ETA operational management that supplies an industry, so that the produced water meets the standards required by the Ministry of Health.

2
  • JOÃO VICTOR OLIVEIRA NASCIMENTO DA SILVA
  • SEMICONTINUOUS PROCESS OF TERTIARY TREATMENT OF CHEESE WHEY USING A MICROALGA-FUNGUS CONSORTIUM IN AERATED REACTOR

  • Advisor : CARLOS EDUARDO DE FARIAS SILVA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • BRIGIDA MARIA VILLAR DA GAMA
  • CARLOS EDUARDO DE FARIAS SILVA
  • GEORGIA NAYANE SILVA BELO GOIS
  • KARINA RIBEIRO SALOMON
  • Data: Mar 19, 2024


  • Show Abstract
  • It is estimated that up to 10 L of whey can be generated per kilogram of processed cheese and that there is a significant polluting potential in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorus (TP). Biological treatment of effluents is one of the most used methods for whey, whether aerobic or anaerobic, given its high biodegradability. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the treatment of whey (with emphasis on tertiary treatment) in an aerated reactor using the microalgae-filamentous fungus symbiosis (Tetradesmus obliquus LCE-01 and Cunninghamella echinulata) in different organic loads and mode of operation (discontinuous and semi-continuous). The reactors were operated with an aeration rate of 1.5 vvm, pneumatically agitated, at 30-35ºC, evaluated under a light intensity of 100 µmol·m-2·s-1. In semi-continuous mode, volumetric replacement rates - TRVs of 40 and 60% were used. The previously characterized whey had values of COD 67,014.48 mg·L-1, TN 1,377.05 mg·L-1 and TP 625.60 mg·L-1. After the secondary (main) biological treatment, carried out with co-culture, reductions in the order of 96.94% for COD, 97.97% for NT and 95.93% for FT were obtained in two sequential stages and 10 days operating totals. After that, advanced treatment analyzes using 3 loads (C1 > C2 > C3) with levels in the range between 1,176.32- 6,355.60 mg·L-1 for COD, 21.90-77.32 mg·L-1 TN and 21.95-52.61 mg·L-1 for TP were evaluated. Preliminary studies (with COD:N:P ratio = 50) showed nitrogen limitation, even with reasonable removal of COD, NT and TF (but within what is required by legislation); which made it possible to continue the study in different DQO:N:P ratios, seeking to improve the performances obtained. Thus, in the next stage, new experiments were carried out with adjustment of the COD:N ratio to values of 20, 30 and 40 in C2 organic loads (initial contents for COD of 2370.46 ± 26.73, and TN of 37.78 ± 1.88 and TP of 21.95 ± 0.11 mg·L-1) and C3 (initial levels for COD of 1176.32 ± 8.91, TN of 21.97 ± 0.03 and TP of 12.32 ± 0.07 mg·L-1) and it was shown that there was indeed nitrogen limitation in the previous condition, achieving greater COD and TP removals, with a better COD:N:P ratio between 20-30. In semi-continuous mode at COD:N:P = 20, maximum removals were obtained for TRVs of 40 and 60% and equal to 84.92% for COD, 99.41% for TP and 84.44% for TN. Only the condition with C2 and TRV of 60% that showed a residual TN (due to supplementation) being outside that required by legislation, but for C2 at TRV of 40% and C3 at TRVs of 40 and 60% the process could operate in satisfactory manner in compliance with legislation. There was production of microbial sludge with potential (1-2 g.L-1) and stabilization of pH during treatment (no need for adjustment).

2023
Dissertations
1
  • ANA CARINE DE MELO SILVA
  • Mapping and assessment of the drought severity between 1961 to 2019 in the São Francisco River Basin based on SPI values.
  • Advisor : FABIO FARIAS PEREIRA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • FABIO FARIAS PEREIRA
  • MARLLUS GUSTAVO FERREIRA PASSOS DAS NEVES
  • RICARDO ARAUJO FERREIRA JUNIOR
  • FREDERICO CARLOS MARTINS DE MENEZES FILHO
  • Data: Jul 19, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • Droughts have become a worldwide concern, considering the recent reports of this phenomenon in different territories, such as Europe, Asia, Central America, North America and South America. Due to the recurrence of these events, the determination of the severity of droughts is necessary for the development of policies associated with the control of this phenomenon. Thus, this research seeks (1) to map the dry areas and (2) to determine the severity of droughts in the São Francisco River basin. This will help to determine if the areas with more severe droughts are equaly distributed along the Basin or are concentrated at a single point. The São Francisco River Basin is located in Brazil and encompasses the largest part of the semi-arid Northeast. To determine the severity of droughts, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), in order to classify droughts into mild, moderate, severe and extreme. Precipitation data were downloaded from National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) database. To perform the calculation of the drought index, a programming language will be used. As a result for this research, an increase in events is expected through the classification of droughts characterized as severe and extreme, and a growth of areas affected by this phenomenon throughout the Basin. It is also expected that this study will contribute to the development of development of Basin management policies within the context of droughts.
2
  • RAIZZA DE SOUZA VASCONCELOS PIMENTEL
  • Access to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in marginalized populations. Case study: "Grota do Estrondo" community, Maceió - Alagoas.

  • Advisor : MARLLUS GUSTAVO FERREIRA PASSOS DAS NEVES
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • MARLLUS GUSTAVO FERREIRA PASSOS DAS NEVES
  • DAYSY LIRA OLIVEIRA CAVALCANTI
  • KARINA RIBEIRO SALOMON
  • Cristina Aparecida Vilas Boas de Sales Oliveira
  • Data: Sep 27, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • Safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene - WASH, are indispensable for public health and human well-being; in addition to play an important role in the global mobilization to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals - ODS/UN. According to the WHO, 829,000 people die each year as a result of using unsafe water, poor sanitation and poor hand hygiene. The suburb population is the one that suffers the most from such problems, public services do not arrive in these regions at the same speed as they arrive in central places of the city, in addition, there is a lack of resources to purchase hygiene/cleaning items and drinking water; there is also a lack of knowledge of household practices to prevent WASH-related diseases. Sanitation is the main barrier that can isolate fecal pathogens and prevent them from reaching the environment. However, there are also secondary barriers, such as water treatment and hand washing, and tertiary barriers that are related to the hygiene of household items. This research aims to evaluate possible divergences between the management and planning of access to WASH in poor suburbs communities and what is currently proposed as a benchmark for meeting the SDGs/UN. Therefore, it will focus on a study based on the community “Grota do Estrondo”, located in Maceió, Alagoas. The research will be qualitative-quantitative, through empirical social research, composed of three stages. The first will be the collection of data from secondary sources (SNIS, WHO, IBGE and others), the second will be the field research (observation, interviews, and statistical and thematic analysis of the data) and the last will be the triangulation of the data, which it consists in the effective comparison between the analyzed speeches and the quantitative data of the secondary sources.

3
  • ANNE ELIZABETH DOS SANTOS CORREIA
  • Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the surface waters of the Riacho Doce/AL Watershed for the assessment of pollution loads
  • Advisor : EDUARDO LUCENA CAVALCANTE DE AMORIM
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • EDUARDO LUCENA CAVALCANTE DE AMORIM
  • EMERSON CARLOS SOARES E SILVA
  • LUCIANO FARIAS DE NOVAES
  • Data: Sep 28, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • The discharge of untreated sewage into water bodies is a problem that directly impacts the quality of water resources in a region. In a scenario where water availability for human consumption is increasingly compromised, efficient public policies for water conservation and the adoption of measures that mitigate the degradation of rivers, seas and lakes are needed. In this sense, the objective of this work is to carry out an analysis of the quantitative (flow) and qualitative (physical, chemical and biological variables) of the surface waters of the Riacho Doce/AL Watershed from the monitoring of water quality. The methodology will start with the delimitation of the area, the determination of a water quality monitoring plan and flow measurements to obtain the pollutant load, with monthly collections from March to December 2022, in the dry and rainy seasons, determination of the IQA from the water quality variables, and the comparison with the legislation in force. In addition, a point upstream and downstream of Sanama's sewage treatment plant will be selected, given the raw and treated effluent that will be made available by the company. Along the Riacho Doce to Foz, on-site measurements will be carried out at four points with the HORIBA U53 probe that determines: pH, water temperature, ORP, conductivity, turbidity, OD and salinity. A sample of water for each point will be stored so that, later, the quality variables are obtained from the use of laboratory methodologies, they are: BOD5, total coliforms, total ammoniacal nitrogen and phosphorus (phosphate). The flow measurement will be based on the use of the windlass, in order to calculate the pollutant load. Finally, the evaluation and/or identification of possible diffuse and point sources of pollution will take place by aerial mapping with the use of drone.

4
  • HANNA FRANCYELLE BARBOSA COSTA
  • LIMNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND GENOTOXICITY IN THREE REGIONS OF BAIXO SÃO FRANCISCO

  • Advisor : EMERSON CARLOS SOARES E SILVA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • CARLOS RUBERTO FRAGOSO JUNIOR
  • EMERSON CARLOS SOARES E SILVA
  • JOSUE CARINHANHA CALDAS SANTOS
  • JUCILENE CAVALI
  • MOZART DALTRO BISPO
  • Data: Sep 28, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • The great advance of agricultural planning with the use of agricultural planning and the expansion process without the problems of agricultural planning, which, because there are no problems of agricultural planning of the problems of agriculture, occur in the water. The discharge of industrial sewage to be characterized and the occurrence of diffuse affluent pesticides in the compared environment. The present work aims to carry out water collections in Baixo São Francisco, but precisely in the municipalities of Piranhas (AL), São Brás (AL) and Penedo (AL). The selected management areas are distinct, analyzing the environmental-chemical, microological parameters, three structured chemical resources, organized for resources and their effects on collection, in order to identify the correct environmental characteristics of water and the normative norms in the water. Through the physical alterations of the data (where some alterations above the limit by the environmental legislation recommended multimetric) Additionally, the results of the first environmental parameters of the environmental data obtained were found. As for pesticides, continuous-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography (GC/MS) and Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were tested, where possible presence of Alpha-BHC, Betagráfica-BHC, Lindane, Endosulfan, Diquat and Metribuzin. With the progress of the work, it is intended to correlate the reductions of the analyzed data with the constant changes, in order to understand the effects on water bodies.

5
  • BIANCA MIRES DOS SANTOS
  •  
    Environmental sustainability assessment of an ETE using the Life Cycle Assessment tool.
  • Advisor : KARINA RIBEIRO SALOMON
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • KARINA RIBEIRO SALOMON
  • DANIEL PINTO FERNANDES
  • KRISTIANE RAMOS PRIMO
  • Data: Sep 29, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • Sanitation refers to the removal and treatment of waste generated by the centers urban areas to create hygienic conditions and prevent diseases, enabling the creation andmaintenance of  adequate and mainly sustainable ecosystem, with a view to growing need to use natural resources by these settlements humans in order to meet the basic needs of food, health and well-being. O The objective of the study will be to evaluate the environmental sustainability of a sewage treatment system. sewage, through a case study at ETE SANAMA in the city of Maceió, using the life cycle analysis tool – LCA. In addition, this study will aim to understand the contribution of each stage of the treatment system and will list all the information necessary for the elaboration of the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) of the ETE operation. will be identified the most relevant impact categories for the life cycle analysis and will propose 4 possible alternative scenarios for system operation performing the LCA for both the scenario current as well as for each proposed alternative, in order to identify the main factors that cause environmental impacts during the treatment carried out by the ETE SANAMA, in order to be able to point out the main opportunities for improving the aspects environmental aspects of the entire sewage treatment process during its life cycle, offering an overview of environmental performance indicators that can bring improvement to the system as a whole.

6
  • MARIANE LESSA DA COSTA
  • ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS BASED ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND CONTAMINANT PARAMETERS IN RIO SANTO ANTÔNIO - AL

  • Advisor : EMERSON CARLOS SOARES E SILVA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • CARLOS RUBERTO FRAGOSO JUNIOR
  • EMERSON CARLOS SOARES E SILVA
  • JOAO INACIO SOLETTI
  • JUCILENE CAVALI
  • Data: Sep 29, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • The lack of urban planning and the population increase in coastal regions to the rivers, bringing more and more on natural resources, causing deforestation, silting and the release of effluents into water bodies. This work aims to evaluate the environmental quality and the effects of contaminants present in the Santo Antônio River - AL, whose mouth belongs to the APA Costa dos Corais (area of environmental and tourist importance, encompassing the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas), using fish located in the region as a bioindicator of ecosystem impact. This area of environmental protection attracts large enterprises and activities related to good fishing, quality tourism and on many different occasions, as a result of environmental protection, large enterprises have many environmental impacts. For the identification of contaminants, a GC/MS will be used and in it a technique of microextraction in continuous phase by headspace in Scan and SIM mode. An HPLC/DAD will also be used for the identification of other compounds. Currently, this study qualified the pesticides in SIM mode and later there will be a quantification of the compounds found. A contribution to the reflection of project projects is consequences of environmental ecology, for the formulation of purposes that will produce effects in the region.

7
  • JOYCE CAMILA BARBOSA DA SILVA
  • IDENTIFICATION OF CONTAMINATING FILAMENTOUS FUNGI IN OPEN TREATMENT SYSTEM BY MICROALGAE

  • Advisor : CARLOS EDUARDO DE FARIAS SILVA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ALBANISE ENIDE DA SILVA
  • ANA KARLA DE SOUZA ABUD
  • CARLOS EDUARDO DE FARIAS SILVA
  • KARINA RIBEIRO SALOMON
  • Data: Oct 4, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • Inadequate disposal of effluents from dairy industry can degrade the environment due to the high level of pollutants. Therefore, it is necessary to treat this effluent before releasing it into water bodies, however, physical-chemical treatments generally applied to this type of effluent are highly expensive, making it unfeasible for small and medium-sized industries. In this context, biological processes gain prominence due to the simplicity of their application and economic viability. Compared to traditional biological treatment strategies, the use of microalgae has advantages such as greater nutrient consumption capacity, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus, and they are generally cultivated in open systems, which have higher risk of contamination by other microbiological groups. In view of this, the symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi is highlighted as this association facilitates the harvesting of algae by copelletizing them into fungus pellets and can increase the efficiency of the treatment. Therefore, the present work aimed to characterize filamentous fungi isolated during the tertiary treatment process of cheese whey by microalgae of the species Tetradesmus obliquus LCE-01 in open system. The treatment system by Tetradesmus obliquus LCE-01 was composed of open reactors using residual effluent with organic loads (chemical oxygen demand) between 1000-4000 mg L-1, magnetically stirred, during 15 days of process, maintained at 30-35ºC and pH 7.5- 8.0 with one-sided illumination of 100 µmol m-2 s-1. Reactor samples were collected after vigorous microbial growth in the reactor (log CFU/mL between 9-10) and inoculated by spreading in Petri dishes with PDA medium (potato dextrose agar) in dilutions 10-2, 10-4 and 10-6, in order to favor the growth of isolated colonies. The isolated colonies were transferred using a nickel and chromium loop to Petri dishes containing PDA where they were allowed to develop alone. For macroscopic characterization, pieces of the colonies were homogenized in 0.1% peptone water and re-inoculated in Petri dishes to observe the development of the colonies from their spores, characterizing their mycelia. For microscopy, slides were prepared with pieces of the fungal mycelium and stained with lactophenol blue (cotton blue) in order to visualize the fungal hyphae and reproductive structures. Molecular (genetic) characterization was carried out following the steps of DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing using the primers ITS (internal transcript spacer) (1 and 4) and beta-tubulin (β-tub or BT) (2a, 2b, T1 and T2), data editing and phylogenetic analysis using CodonCode Aligner® Software, GenBank database and MEGA X program ®.  It was possible to isolate 9 fungal strains, which after a few generations of replication only remained viable for cultivation in the laboratory 5 (F2, F4, F5, F6 and F10), which were used for the characterization steps. Regarding the macroscopic characteristics of the colonies and microscopic characteristics of the mycelium/hyphae, it was noticed that the F2 fungus had olive-green sporulating colonies, a cottony surface, white and circular margins, and a black reverse color with a wrinkled center. Thin, septate, and branched hyphae and ellipsoid-shaped and irregular conidia were visualized, possibly characterizing a Cladosporium genus. The F4 fungus had white colonies that turned yellow over time with a granular surface, white and circular border with reverse color. The fungus had hyaline, thin, non-septate and spiral hyphae. The F4 genus possessed the characteristics of an Epidermophyton. The F5 fungus presented white colonies and, after sporulation, a pinkish tone, a cottony surface with an irregular white border and a yellowish-white reverse color. The fungus had spiral, hyaline and thin hyphae with oval/round microconidia, which characterized a fungus of the genus Trichophyton. The F6 fungus presented white mycelium, a cottony surface, a white and circular border, and a yellow reverse color; with non-septate, branched and hyaline hyphae with globose and intercalary conidia, probably linked to the genus Chrysosporium. Finally, the fungus F10 demonstrated brown colonies in the center, green in the inner part and with white edges, granular surface and reverse coloration of the black colony, with septate and hyaline hyphae, branched near the apex with a group of phialides with conidia and conidiospore characteristic of the genus Penicillium. The 5 fungi, if the genera are confirmed, are from the ascomycete phylum. Regarding molecular characterization to confirm the genus, and consequently the species, the extraction of fungal DNAs and amplification were achieved using the ITS and BT primers. However, the genetic material was sent for sequencing, which would enable the construction of the phylogenetic tree of the fungi, and the results were not received at the time of defending the dissertation, but will be in the final version of the manuscript. The isolation and characterization of fungi that naturally perform symbiosis with microalgae opens up space, mainly in the treatment of effluents, but also in other biotechnological areas that can involve the use of their biomass as biofuels and biofertilizers.

8
  • HELENICE FERREIRA FILGUEIRAS
  • ANALYSIS OF NATURAL AND MAN-MADE EFFECTS ON WATER QUALITY IN THE NIQUIM RIVER BASIN

  • Advisor : NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • MARLLUS GUSTAVO FERREIRA PASSOS DAS NEVES
  • VLADIMIR CARAMORI BORGES DE SOUZA
  • FABIANA CARNAÚBA MEDEIROS
  • Data: Oct 20, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • Considering that the knowledge of the variables that influence water quality and availability helps the management and better use of water resources, and that land use and occupation in watersheds is directly and indirectly related to the quality and quantity of water in rivers, this study sought to analyze the natural and anthropogenic effects on the water quality of the Niquim River, located in the São Miguel Hydrographic Region. The study was divided into seven stages: I. Theoretical foundation; II. Diagnosis of land use and occupation and water resources; III. Planning of activities; IV. Survey of cadastral data of water uses; V. Mapping of the basin; VI. Technical studies; VII. Evaluation and presentation of the prognosis, divided into analysis of land use and occupation, quantitative and qualitative analysis of water, and proposal of framework. The qualitative and quantitative monitoring of the water was conducted at three collection points, the first point located at Lagoa Niquim (RNL), the second point located near the CASAL Station (RNEC), and the third point located near the mouth (RNF), with monthly collections from July to December 2022. For each sample collected, physical, chemical and microbiological analyzes were performed, totaling 19 parameters. The results found were submitted to descriptive statistics and statistical tests. In the analysis of land use and occupation, the basin was divided into areas of contributions, to associate land use and occupation and the results of water quality at the monitoring points. In the three areas of contribution there is a predominance of sugarcane areas, this explains the organic load possibly related to plant or animal organic matter, and in the last point there is a contribution of the expanding urban area, evidenced by the non-conformity of the parameters of BOD5.20, total coliforms, and E. coli. In the qualitative analysis, about seasonality, the COD of the RNEC point was the only parameter that showed significant variations between the rainy and dry periods. Spatially, turbidity, conductivity, total alkalinity, and E. coli showed significant variations along the river, between the collection points, in the dry period. In temporality, the analysis made with primary and secondary data corresponding to the period 2005-2022, chloride and E. coli showed significant reductions over the years. In the qualitative-quantitative analysis of the water, the correlation between the water parameters and the flow rate showed a strong correlation for the parameters of DO, total coliforms and E. coli, at the RNEC point and salinity, BOD5.20, total coliforms, at the point near the mouth (RNF). Regarding the behavior of water quality parameters with the variation of the flow rate, it was identified throughout the monitoring period that at the RNEC point, the DO showed an inverse variation to the behavior of the flow rate, decreasing with the increase of the flow rate and increasing with the reduction of the flow rate, at the RNF point, the BOD5,20 showed behavior similar to the variation of the flow rate. The results of the analyzes were compared with the limits established by CONAMA Resolution No. 357/05. It was found that in some stretches their quality and their framework do not meet their preponderant uses. In the framework proposal, all stretches are framed in class 1, for this, in stretch 1, it seeks to increase the OD, and reduce the BOD5.20 and ammoniacal nitrogen, through the preservation of forest formations to reduce the organic load in this stretch. In section 2, the aim is to reduce the parameters through the preservation of vegetated areas, mainly riparian forest, to reduce the organic load in this section. In section 3, the parameters BOD5,20, ammoniacal nitrogen, DO and E. coli are above that allowed by the Resolution, for this it is necessary the correct destination of effluents, preservation of green areas, planning of land uses and occupation.



2022
Dissertations
1
  • ELINA WANESSA RIBEIRO LOPES
  • Use of Python Language for Modeling and Simulation of the Silva and Cerqueira Model in Microalgae Effluent Treatment

  • Advisor : CARLOS EDUARDO DE FARIAS SILVA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • CARLOS EDUARDO DE FARIAS SILVA
  • DANIELE VITAL VICH
  • FLÁVIA BARTIRA PEDRO DA SILVA ALMEIDA
  • RENATA MARIA ROSAS GARCIA ALMEIDA
  • Data: Mar 16, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • The excessive presence of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus in water bodies is a current target of environmental concern, using microalgae to remove these nutrients appears as a promising alternative. The application of computational tools allows the development of algorithms that evaluate the behavior and optimize the effectiveness of this removal. The present study carried out the kinetic modeling of microalgal growth through the classic Monod model and the Silva and Cerqueira model, finding the characteristic kinetic constants and allowing the modeling and simulation of bioprocesses of effluent treatment by microalgae. Literature data were used for two studies, in the first one the removal of nutrients (contaminants) by Chlorella sp. for effluent from a combined anaerobic digestion (CAD) and an anaerobic digestion effluent from a primary settling tank (PS). In the second study, the removal of nutrients from an urban effluent by a mix of microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) was evaluated. The adopted algorithm proved to be adequate in both studies. To solve the proposed problem, the PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) algorithm was implemented in Spyder software (an open source integrated development environment for programming in Python), and the PYSWARMS research toolkit was used for optimization (library). The model parameters were estimated by minimizing the sum of the calculated square errors and to evaluate the deviation of the simulated curve and of the experimental points, the concept of model predictive error (MPE – Model Predictive Error) was used (%). For the removal of contaminants, the equation of order n proved to be more suitable with intermediate order between 1st and 2nd being used (ie, 1 < n < 2) and with constant 0 < k < 0.2, obtaining MPE between 15 -28% similar to that seen in literature. Using the Monod Model, the algorithm was able to determine μmax and Ks that were shown in the intervals: 0 < μmax < 4 day-1 and 0 < Ks < 50 mg/L with MPE between 15-28%. These constants could be applied in the Silva and Cerqueira model and the delimitation of m and p, which are specific to this model, could be studied. In fact, the model proved to be very sensitive to these constants, managing to define an interval for convergence: 0 < p < 0.5 and 0 < m < 2, obtaining for the same data tested in Monod an MPE between 4 -15% for Silva and Cerqueira (significantly lower). m and p showed a significant influence on the magnitude and curvature of the microalgal growth curve. The results showed that there was a good adjustment of microalgae growth and that it is possible to associate several contaminants with the cellular growth of microalgae.

2
  • LUIS PAULO LIMA CARDOSO
  • Preliminary simulation of by-product generation in biological reactors treating vinasse.
  • Advisor : ANTONIO PEDRO DE OLIVEIRA NETTO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ANTONIO PEDRO DE OLIVEIRA NETTO
  • NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • NORMA CANDIDA DOS SANTOS AMORIM
  • TANIA MARIA GOMES VORONKOFF CARNAUBA
  • Data: Mar 29, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • Several problems related to basic sanitation and not meeting the energy demand are currently being faced in Brazil. Thus, anaerobic digestion is shown as a solution, both to meet the demand for residential and commercial waste treatment and to generate electricity indirectly, through methane and hydrogen gas. Therefore, several studies have been conducted in order to verify the potential that each waste has in generating these gases through two approaches: an experimental approach and a mathematical modeling approach, which seeks to simulate the actual behavior of anaerobic digestion in order to provide a saving of time and resources through proper calibration of the models obtained. Among the most promising residues for hydrogen and methane generation are agro-industrial waste, especially those with high amounts of carbohydrates, as is the case of vinasse. Therefore, this study performed a kinetic analysis by calculating the kinetic constants and subsequent simulation of mathematical models, in two continuous fluidized reactors in series (one acidogenic (RALF1) and the other methanogenic (RALF2)), treating agroindustrial waste from sugarcane (vinasse) for the production of methane and hydrogen. For the simulation of the adapted models, the Vensim PLE ® software was used. For each reactor and variable analyzed (COD, butyric acid, acetic acid and propionic acid) the hydraulic behavior of piston flow and complete mixing were considered, and reaction orders 1 for COD and 1 and 2 for the others, were also analyzed in the different TDHs to which they were submitted in the experiment (12 and 16 for RALF1 and 12, 6 and 4 for RALF2). The adherence of the curves generated through the simulations was performed through Pearson's correlation coefficient, which had a strong correlation with values of 0.90 to 1, for the degradation of COD and some situations of the metabolites in question.

3
  • LOURENÇO TIBÚRCIO NETO
  • Methane production from anaerobic co-digestion of  vinasse and molasses

  • Advisor : EDUARDO LUCENA CAVALCANTE DE AMORIM
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • EDUARDO LUCENA CAVALCANTE DE AMORIM
  • DANIELE VITAL VICH
  • FERNANDA SANTANA PEITER
  • INAÊ ALVES
  • Data: Mar 30, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • This study aimed to determine the methane production from the co-digestion of vinasse and molasses, using batch digester and sludge from UASB reactor of a domestic sewage treatment plant as inoculum. In the experiment, three factors were varied: the proportion of substrates vinasse/molasses, the COD of the substrates and the amount of alkalinizer used in each reactor. The vinasse and molasses used in the reactors were diluted until they reached the COD of 3000, 6000 and 9000 mg/L. The proportions of vinasse and molasses used were 25/75, 50/50 and 75/25. Sodium bicarbonate was used as an alkalinizer following the ratios of 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 g/g COD. The reactors used had a useful volume of 310 ml and a reaction volume of 150 ml (approximately 50% of headspace), and were kept at a mesophilic temperature of 35 °C and under constant agitation of 120 rpm. The yield obtained in anaerobic co-digestion for methane production ranged from 33.75 - 297.85 mLCH4/gSV and the COD removal reached up to 59%. It was noted that the highest biogas productions occurred in the reactors that had less alkalinizer (0.50 gNaHCO3/g COD), which indicates that in the reactors that had more sodium bicarbonate some inhibition of methane production occurred. The values obtained indicate that the co-digestion between the two substrates is viable, however, the use of alkali compromised the analysis of the other two factors used in the research.

4
  • DIEGO ALMEIDA LEVINO
  • Subsidies for waste management at university campuses: a case study for the A. C. Simões Campus of the Federal University of Alagoas

  • Advisor : NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DANIEL PINTO FERNANDES
  • ELIZABETH REGINA HALFELD DA COSTA
  • IVETE VASCONCELOS LOPES FERREIRA
  • NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • Data: Mar 30, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • In Brazil, as of 2011, it was established the National Solid Waste Plan (PNRS), created in order to work the non-generation, reduction, reuse, recycling, treatment and final disposal of waste environmentally appropriate. This work aimed to create subsidies for the preparation of the Solid Waste Management Plan (PGRS) of the Campus A. C. Simões (CACS) of UFAL, from the analysis of waste management experience in other federal institutions. The methodology applied involved two phases, the first was a survey of the actions that are already performed in CACS, and in other educational institutions, this study was conducted through research on websites and journals, and data survey with the Waste Management Center of the Superintendence of Infrastructure (SINFRA) of UFAL. The second was the performance of the CACS waste management diagnosis to support the preparation of the PGRS/CACS, based on models from other HEIs. The literature search identified three HEIs that have complete waste management plans that can serve as a reference for CACS, all of which were developed from master's and doctoral research in the areas of waste management, with emphasis on the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE). The survey at CACS revealed that there is no institutional initiative to segregate waste at its origin, with potentially recyclable waste being discarded along with other waste. The gravimetric composition was determined by estimation, resulting in 26.20% organic, 32.10% paper/cardboard, 19.60% plastic, 4.30% metal, 0.8% glass and 17%.10% others, with pecapita generation varying from 0.046 kg/inhabitant per day to 0.092 kg/inhabitant per day. In the cafeterias and restaurants, the main problems are the food waste and the inadequate disposal of cooking oils. In the University Restaurant (RU) the waste reaches 454.6 kg/day, with a percapita value of 117 g/person/day, similar to that found in other restaurants and cafeterias of the CACS (113 g/person/day). These establishments generate around 60 L/day of used oils. The laboratory waste and the civil construction waste, present a process of quantification and characterization in their origin. From the laboratory waste, the Central Animal Facility and the Chemical Institute Laboratory are the ones that generate the biggest volume, the first one produces weekly about 27 drums of 200L of biological waste and the second one produces 24 drums of 200L of chemical waste. Civil construction waste is reused in the building site and what is left over is disposed of in containers for collection. The unserviceable waste, batteries, lamps and batteries, are not quantified, the unserviceable are accumulated in the central warehouse of UFAL, being separated by blocks, as rest of computers and electronics and metals. Burnt lamps are also accumulated in the central warehouse and in 2019 reached the quantity of 3,881 lamps. The waste of batteries, UFAL does not have any institutionalized initiative for its collections, being in charge of some occasional initiatives, where the waste is accumulated and collected, having as final destination a company of rubbish collectors. The pruning and sweeping residues are generated independently of the academic activities, in this sense it was reached the average amount of 424.28 kg/day of leaves that are removed from the campus. Finally, the work also aimed at the suggestion of a new technological route, which aims at the separation of recyclable waste, in a process of sorting and a composting of organic waste before final disposal in the Landfill of Maceió.

5
  • CLEBSON CARVALHO DE FARIAS
  • RECONHECENDO EVENTOS HIDROLÓGICOS: INDISSOCIANDO MAGNITUDE
    EXTREMA, DURAÇÃO E PERÍODO DE OCORRÊNCIA NA ANÁLISE DE FREQUÊNCIA
    (RARIDADE)

  • Advisor : CARLOS RUBERTO FRAGOSO JUNIOR
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • CARLOS RUBERTO FRAGOSO JUNIOR
  • MARLLUS GUSTAVO FERREIRA PASSOS DAS NEVES
  • CHRISTOPHER FREIRE SOUZA
  • ANDREA SOUSA FONTES
  • Data: Mar 31, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • With the need to analyze the aspects of events with methods that present fewer uncertainties.
    This work aims to propose a new approach in order to reduce the uncertainties in the analysis
    of hydrological events considering the different variables of an event as interdependent, thus
    obtaining more information about the events. The study was applied to the São Francisco
    River basin, the river of national integration that suffers from different anthropic actions, from
    the Xingó station with observed flow data provided by the Companhia Hidrelétrica do São
    Francisco (CHESF)/SAR of ANA, and natural data reconstituted by the Operador Nacional
    do Sistema Elétrico (ONS), the data are available for the period 1976-2018 for observed data
    and 1931-2018 for natural data. Event analyses usually consider one variable, maximum or
    minimum magnitude per year. Currently, the use of copula functions is increasing in multivariate
    analysis of hydrological events, as it is known that it is necessary to consider more information
    about the events. In Hydrological Alteration Indicators (HAI), a method to obtain information
    about alteration of a regime by anthropic actions, the frequencies of the aspects (aggregation
    of variables) of an event are analyzed considering the independent variables. However, in
    this work, copula functions were applied to analyze the aspects (aggregating variable) of an
    event considering its variables as being dependent. The variables flow, duration and period of
    occurrence are the ones chosen for this work, and the marginal distributions for each variable,
    respectively, Generalized Pareto (GP), Pearson 3, and Von Mises (floods) and Normal (droughts).
    The Gaussian copula showed the best results in the goodness of fit tests for modeling the flood
    and drought events, while the Archimedean copulas had satisfactory results for the flood events
    and unsatisfactory results for the drought events. A new approach for hydrological regime change
    analysis was introduced, thus showing changes in the flow regime of the São Francisco River.

6
  • RAFAEL DOS SANTOS MATIAS
  • Assessment of the impact of changes in land use and cover on energy generation in the São Francisco river basin

  • Advisor : CARLOS RUBERTO FRAGOSO JUNIOR
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ADRIANO ROLIM DA PAZ
  • CARLOS RUBERTO FRAGOSO JUNIOR
  • MARLLUS GUSTAVO FERREIRA PASSOS DAS NEVES
  • VLADIMIR CARAMORI BORGES DE SOUZA
  • Data: Mar 31, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • The Brazilian energy matrix has an expressive amount of hydropower generation, a modality that is susceptible to the region's hydroclimatic conditions, although the waterfall system aims to mitigate this risk. The São Francisco river basin (BHRSF), highly important for the energy context of the northeast region, has been suffering the impacts of deforestation that can potentiate the adverse conditions that make hydroelectric plants need to reduce the minimum effluent flow from reservoirs. Changes in land use and cover can increase the frequency and intensity of surface runoff and/or reduce the recharge of aquifers, which sustain rivers in periods of drought. Among the techniques used to measure this influence, hydrological modeling is presented as an effective tool, including the scale of the basin studied. In this context, the present work will analyze the impact of changes in land use and cover on energy generation in the BHRSF through the hydrological simulation carried out by the Large Basin Model of the Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (MGB-IPH). The simulation efficiency will be evaluated by the Nash and Sutcliffe coefficients (R²) and the root mean squared error (RMSE). To deal with the quality of the precipitation data, three gap filling methodologies will be applied. The study will be carried out according to scenarios called Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP), which contain five possible trends in social, economic, environmental and technological development. Differences between the results of each scenario will be evaluated through analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. It is expected to contribute to the understanding of the hydrological dynamics in the basin in the face of changes in land use and cover and to what extent this affects the region's energy sector.

7
  • ANA KAROLINE DE ALMEIDA SILVA
  • Decentralized biological treatment systems, with different configurations, treating sanitary effluents: Evaluation of technical and operational performance

  • Advisor : NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DANIEL PINTO FERNANDES
  • EDUARDO LUCENA CAVALCANTE DE AMORIM
  • ELIZABETH REGINA HALFELD DA COSTA
  • MARIA RAPHAELLA DOS SANTOS VASCONCELOS
  • NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • Data: Mar 31, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • Although the sanitation regulatory mark, Law 11.445/2007 updated by Law 14. 026/2020, which advocates the universalization of sanitation services in Brazil, the National Information System on Sanitation (SNIS) indicates that Alagoas is served by sewage collection networks, only 28.1% of the urban population and its capital, Maceió, only 42.2% of the total population (urban and rural) is effectively served by sewage collection networks, with an estimate that 14.7 million m³ of sewage are disposed of without treatment. Although the privatization of the water supply and sanitary sewage services in Maceió, which occurred in Sep/2020, is responsible for the expansion of the sewage collection network coverage to 90% by 2033, the compact ETEs, installed in commercial and residential developments, also contribute to the achievement of these goals. However, the operation and monitoring of these systems is still a challenge for those who have limited infrastructure and financial resources, having as an alternative the outsourcing of these services, in order to ensure that the effluent produced meets the current legislation. In this sense, compact WWTPs should be simple, efficient, sustainable and economically feasible. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate four compact sewage treatment plants, with anaerobic treatment followed by aerobic post-treatment, with different configurations (three mechanically aerated and one with natural aeration), in order to identify how they are operated and monitored, their main limitations, and whether the treated effluents meet the release standards of CONAMA 430/2011. The results showed that all of them can fit the treated effluent to the release standards, with standard operating procedures and application of sodium hypochlorite for disinfection. In three of them the excess sludge is removed by tank cleaning trucks with treated effluent disposed on the soil and only one of them uses a drying bed for dehydration of the excess sludge with treated effluent in non-potable urban reuse. The monitoring of the effluent quality is aimed only at checking compliance with discharge standards without concern for monitoring the anaerobic and aerobic processes. The main limitation occurs due to the lack of measurement of the affluent flow of the ETEs, which prevents the verification of operational parameters and the adjustment of the dosage of sodium hypochlorite. The average efficiency of organic matter removal of the four ETEs was 87.1±2.2%

8
  • MARCONE CORREIA DE OLIVEIRA LIMA FILHO
  • Performance evaluation of semi-empirical models for remote estimation of CDOM concentration in a tropical productive estuary

  • Advisor : CARLOS RUBERTO FRAGOSO JUNIOR
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • JOSICLEDA DOMICIANO GALVINCIO
  • CARLOS RUBERTO FRAGOSO JUNIOR
  • DANIELE VITAL VICH
  • REGINA CAMARA LINS
  • Data: Apr 27, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is largely responsible for the absorption of sunlight and affects the photobiological and ecological processes of aquatic systems. Estuarine systems are susceptible to high concentrations due to terrestrial carbon coming from the watershed. Thus, there is a need for regular monitoring of this parameter in these aquatic systems aiming at an adequate ecosystem operation. The use of remote sensing is an excellent alternative due to its ability to monitor water bodies at a low cost, in wide areas and adequate time intervals. However, there is still a need for more robust algorithms for estimating CDOM in optically complex systems such as estuarine systems. In this work, we sought to develop semi-empirical models for remote estimation of CDOM in a productive tropical estuarine-lagoon system. For this, data collected in situ of spectral reflectance and measurements of CDOM concentration were used. From this dataset, semi-empirical models based on the ratio of two, three and four bands were developed. The search for bands was performed automatically by a genetic algorithm. Simple linear regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and the RANSAC robust linear regression method were evaluated. Several band ratios were tested and the best fit was obtained using a two-band model, R(702)/R(539), and three bands, [R(539)-1-R(699)-1]xR(716 ), with R2 of 0.917 and 0.923, respectively. It was observed that the choice of bands plays a critical role in the development of good models for estimating CDOM, and the use of a genetic algorithm allows automating the task. Furthermore, the use of two properly selected bands is sufficient to obtain good estimates. Finally, the application of robust linear regression proved to deal well with data from real sensors, as it is more tolerant of the presence of outliers.

9
  • THAYSE FARIAS DE BARROS
  • Methane production from the co-digestion of grass juice elephant and vinasse.
  • Advisor : EDUARDO LUCENA CAVALCANTE DE AMORIM
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ANDERSON CARLOS MARAFON
  • DAYANA DE GUSMAO COELHO
  • EDUARDO LUCENA CAVALCANTE DE AMORIM
  • JULIANA MARTINS VALENCA
  • Data: May 30, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • The production of energy by environmental sources can lead to great environmental
    damage over the years. One way to reduce these damages is to use biomass as an
    energy source, such as elephant grass broth (EGB) and vinasse, both of which have
    great potential for energy generation. However, the use of these biomasses together
    for methane still has technological challenges to be overcome. One of these obstacles
    concerns the need to reduce the negative effect of the abrupt pH reduction caused by
    elephant grass broth. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the anaerobic
    codigestion of these substrates to produce methane, using batch reactors and the
    sludge from a UASB reactor (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) as inoculum. The
    assembly of the reactors was carried out based on the Box-Behnken Design of
    Experiment, which was chosen to optimize the experiment. This design consists of
    three factors: addition of sodium bicarbonate; the proportion of substrates mix; and
    inoculum concentration. Three levels of each factor were chosen: 0.05, 0.15 and 0.25
    gHCO3:gCOD, for addition of sodium bicarbonate; 25:75, 50:50 and 75:25, for the
    proportion of EGB and Vinasse (E:V); and 10, 15 and 20% of inoculum concentration,
    in reference to the reaction volume. Through Box-Behnken planning, it was possible
    to provide a response surface to evaluate the interaction between the factors and the
    production of methane (CH4). The reactors were operated for 33 days, which resulted
    in an accumulated production of CH4 varying between 372 and 1092 mLCH4/gSV. The
    experimental design provided a quadratic regression equation with high representation
    of the results given by the R2 of 0.9213. Although all factors were representative of the
    model, the factor of sodium bicarbonate addition stands out, which shows its relevance
    to pH buffering. Through the model, it was possible to obtain the optimal points of each
    factor for the best production of accumulated CH4, being 0.19 gHCO3:gCOD,
    50.78/49.22 (C/V) and 15.60%, respectively for sodium bicarbonate rate, substrates
    proportion and inoculum concentration; these optimal points resemble one of the
    reactors that produced the most accumulated CH4. In addition, the largest values of
    CH4 production were related to the addition of sodium bicarbonate close to optimal

    point, thus indicating that this factor could be a limiting factor in the increase of
    accumulated CH4.

10
  • KESSYA RAYANNE DE ARAUJO SANTOS
  • Modelling the potential for sustainable generation of bioenergy from landfills

  • Advisor : NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ALESSANDRA LEE BARBOSA FIRMO
  • EDUARDO LUCENA CAVALCANTE DE AMORIM
  • KARINA RIBEIRO SALOMON
  • NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • Data: Jul 6, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • The use of urban solid waste for the sustainable production of bioenergy is more than a diversification of the energy matrix of a country, it is an environmental, economic and social necessity. The use of biogas is an alternative for the production of bioelectricity due to its high calorific power, besides the capture and sequestration of carbon, which leads to negative emissions and, consequently, to the mitigation of climate change. Thus, finding economically feasible and sustainable ways to use this waste is a concern of the whole society and the application of mathematical models for estimating the potential production of biogas in landfills becomes plausible, both from the energy point of view, as from the environmental point of view. Therefore, the present study aims at, by means of an adequate mathematical modelling, estimating the methane production and bioelectricity potential from the four existing landfills in Alagoas, located in different climatic regions. For such, it was necessary to survey the information of the study area aiming at its characterization and obtaining the input data of the model used: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - IPCC (2006). To this end, relevant data were collected, such as the average amount and gravimetric composition of SUW deposited in landfills and the climatic characteristics of the landfills studied. The choice of the degradation kinetic constant of the SUW components directly affects the behavior of the methane generation curve in landfills throughout the useful life and after closure, showing whether the methane generation can last for long periods or not. It was verified that the landfills located in the Atlantic slope, therefore, with similar regional characteristics and the same input parameters in the k model, presented the same behavior in their methane generation curves. Similarly, the same behavior can be noted in relation to the landfills located on the slope of the São Francisco River. It was also noted that the MSW gravimetric composition directly influences the calculation of the methane generation potential in landfills, considering that each waste component has a distinct DOC. The study of the potential to generate electric power showed that, as of the first year of generation until the year 2056, the Maceió, Metropolitano, Agreste and CIGRES landfills have the capacity to serve an average of 33,586; 32,196; 14,46 and 12,090 households, respectively, during the period analyzed.

11
  • ANA LETICIA GAIA DA ROCHA ALMEIDA
  • Study of Explanatory Variables of the Fraction of Impermeable Area

  • Advisor : MARLLUS GUSTAVO FERREIRA PASSOS DAS NEVES
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • CLEUDA CUSTODIO FREIRE
  • JAIME JOAQUIM DA SILVA PEREIRA CABRAL
  • MARLLUS GUSTAVO FERREIRA PASSOS DAS NEVES
  • VLADIMIR CARAMORI BORGES DE SOUZA
  • Data: Aug 24, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • Although the increase in artificial impervious areas is directly linked to urban growth, it is still common for municipalities not to foresee their evolution. A possible solution to this problem is to link the increase in the total impervious area to the growth of other vectors of urban growth. Given their spatial and temporal resolutions, satellite images from the LANDSAT mission are indicated for historical characterizations of land use and land cover for this purpose. Thus, this study aims to use data on road length (obtained through LANDSAT with the aid of QGIS) and population density (obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) to obtain forecast models of the total impermeable area. The effectiveness of the models will be validated with the aid of the Spearman and Pearson coefficients, as well as with the use of hypothesis tests. The regression will then have a 95% confidence band, within which the future impermeable area must be. With this, it will be possible to simulate the flow for different scenarios, obtaining three hydrographs for each project rain. It is expected that the results will offer an easily replicable method for cities with little waterproofing data, aiming to subsidize satisfactory diagnoses and predictions in urban planning instruments, such as Master Plans and Municipal Basic Sanitation Plans.

12
  • HELOISA VITAL DOMINGOS
  • Methanogenic production from anaerobic codigestion of elephant grass silage with vinasse in batch reactor
  • Advisor : EDUARDO LUCENA CAVALCANTE DE AMORIM
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • EDUARDO LUCENA CAVALCANTE DE AMORIM
  • DAYANA DE GUSMAO COELHO
  • ANDERSON CARLOS MARAFON
  • JULIANA MARTINS VALENCA
  • Data: Aug 26, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • The use of biomass as a substrate in anaerobic digestion for energy production
    purposes has been highlighted in the last three decades, considering climate
    emergency and the impacts arising from non-renewable energy sources. In this
    context, sugarcane vinasse and elephant grass have significant potential for biogas
    production, but their application via anaerobic co-digestion has been little investigated.
    Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the methane yield of the co-digestion
    of these substrates in batch reactors, using Box-Behnken experimental design. The
    adopted factors were ensiling time of elephant grass (40, 80 and 120 days),
    silage:vinasse ratio (25:75, 50:50 and 75:25), and concentration of alkaline
    pretreatment of elephant grass (NaOH 0.5%, 2.25% and 4%w/v). Most reactors showed
    COD and carbohydrate removal greater than 60%, indicating significant removal of
    organic matter and efficiency of anaerobic digestion. Cumulative methane production
    data was properly fitted to the modified Gompertz sigmoid model (R2 ≈ 0.99).
    Cumulative methane yield values ranged from 190.77 to 1,729.80 mLCH4/gSV. The
    highest yields were observed in the reactors which used silage:vinasse ratio equal to
    25:75, ensiling time between 80 and 120 days, and pre-treatment solution of NaOH
    2.25%w/v to 4.00%w/v. According to ANOVA, proportion between substrates was the
    only factor with a significant effect (p < 0.05) on cumulative methane yield. The
    regression model proposed to estimate the yield as a function of the adopted factors
    showed a high regression coefficient (R2 = 0.93). It is expected that the results will
    contribute to the optimization and implementation, on a larger scale, of bioenergy
    generation projects from the anaerobic treatment of sugarcane vinasse and elephant
    grass silage.

13
  • HELOIZE MARIA DO NASCIMENTO SANTOS
  • SYSTEM OF STABILISATION PONDS AND AERATED LAGOON FOR THE REDUCTION OF ORGANIC LOAD AND NITROGEN IN SEWAGE SLUDGE FROM LANDFILLS

  • Advisor : NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • MARIA ODETE HOLANDA MARIANO
  • DAYSY LIRA OLIVEIRA CAVALCANTI
  • EDUARDO LUCENA CAVALCANTE DE AMORIM
  • NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • Data: Aug 29, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • Sanitary landfills are one of the adequate forms of final disposal of solid waste. During the degradation process, they produce a leachate with a large amount of organic and inorganic pollutants and, before being disposed of or reused, they need to undergo treatment to meet the discharge standards imposed by legislation. Among the types of treatment, there is the stabilization lagoon system associated with aerated lagoons. This system is indicated for effluents with a high concentration of organic matter, is easy to apply and has lower operating costs. However, most of the time the lagoon effluent does not meet the discharge standards and requires post-treatment, usually physical-chemical, leaving the lagoons with the function of pre-treatment aiming to fit the effluent to the standards required by the post-treatment. The main objective of this study is to evaluate, in real scale, the pre-treatment by a system of stabilization ponds and aerated lagoon to reduce the organic load and nitrogen from percolate generated in the landfill of Maceió (AL), since the understanding of what occurs in the treatment system is essential to guide the rational basis of design and operation, and the search for improvements for implementation of denitrification in the existing biological pre-treatment. Parallel to the real scale analyses, bench tests of denitrification will be carried out in an environment simulating an anaerobic lagoon and air stripping tests in environments simulating aerated lagoons in order to seek ideal operational parameters in relation to the variation of leachate flow. This is expected to identify the main characteristics and limitations of the existing pre-treatment and technological alternatives that can increase its efficiency, which can serve as a model for other landfills in the State of Alagoas.

14
  • CAMILLA RODRIGUES DA SILVA
  • Modeling of H2S Emissions from CTR Maceió – AL.

  • Advisor : KARINA RIBEIRO SALOMON
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DAYANA DE GUSMAO COELHO
  • KARINA RIBEIRO SALOMON
  • KRISTIANE RAMOS PRIMO
  • Data: Sep 1, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • In several Waste Treatment Centers (WCs), fugitive emissions are a problem of atmospheric pollution that reach local and global levels, as their composition is formed by several harmful gases, such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO), methane (CH4), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The emission of odorous gases from landfills results mainly from the generation of gaseous compounds during the biodegradation of waste, having a relationship with the cover layer, depth, number of drains, cell dimensions, age of waste, weather conditions and soil properties. Complaints about odor from the population living around the landfill have been reported to the authorities, since the nuisance responsible for health effects occurs in the recipients after their continuous and prolonged exposure. In this context, understanding H2S emissions and the factors that interfere in this process can provide important contributions to the mitigation of environmental and social impacts, intensifying the systematic monitoring of concentrations of this pollutant in the atmosphere. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the degree of impact on the environment caused by emissions from CTR Maceió - AL, through the mathematical simulation of concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) using the AERMOD View software, a very common atmospheric dispersion model in several surveys, which predict concentrations at selected downwind receptor sites. For this, the change in air quality covering the period from 2016 to 2021 was observed, through reports of H2S measurements and volumetric flows collected in the landfill drains, establishing scenarios for modeling gas concentrations, diagnosing the possible impacts that could harm the health of the population. The results revealed that the maximum concentration of 0.119 mg/m3 of H2S occurred in Scenario 1 (dawn), representing the period in which the stratification of the atmosphere tends to weaken the turbulent activity of the air that reflects in the increase of the concentration of H2S, whose value is 2.8 times higher than the Odor Perception Limit (LPO) of 0.042 mg/m3. Therefore, in this period the H2S plume spreads over an area of 25 km² reaching all the receivers installed to the west of the landfill. The concentrations of H2S contained in the biogas are significant and, therefore, can be treated as relevant questions to make in future studies the energetic use of biogas in the Waste Treatment Center of Maceió.

15
  • FERNANDO NATANAEL DA SILVA PACHECO
  • DEFINITION OF PRIORITY PARAMETERS FOR THE FRAMING OF RIVERS IN THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION

  • Advisor : VLADIMIR CARAMORI BORGES DE SOUZA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • VLADIMIR CARAMORI BORGES DE SOUZA
  • DANIEL PINTO FERNANDES
  • NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • JUSSARA CABRAL CRUZ
  • Data: Sep 26, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • The framework of water bodies in classes according to the predominant uses is one of the instruments of the National Water Resources Policy (PNRH) that through the achievement or maintenance of goals is possible in a segment of a water body. The evaluation of the physical-chemical and biological parameters established in the legislation characterizes the quality of the water and, thereafter, the necessary actions are defined to achieve the framework. However, financial limitations can make the monitoring essential to achieve the intermediate and final goals of the desired water quality unfeasible. In this way, the selection of priority parameters is vital to meet demands and understand the relationship between land use and occupation and pollution sources. Therefore, this work aims to define a minimum set of priority parameters for framing watersheds in urbanization processes. For this, the characterization of the Riacho Doce watershed was carried out, through the mapping of land use and occupation and the uses of water, and quali-quantitative evaluation with the use of statistical analysis, the self-depuration capacity and application of ICE for the validation of the set of parameters. It was perceived that the set of methodologies used can support the decision makers in setting the priority parameters to be monitored and achieving the goals of the water body framework. 

16
  • FLÁVIO RUAN DOS SANTOS ROCHA NASCIMENTO
  • Determination of the Fraction of Permeable Area in Control of Runoff Generation in Urban Basins

  • Advisor : MARLLUS GUSTAVO FERREIRA PASSOS DAS NEVES
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • MARLLUS GUSTAVO FERREIRA PASSOS DAS NEVES
  • DAYSY LIRA OLIVEIRA CAVALCANTI
  • VLADIMIR CARAMORI BORGES DE SOUZA
  • IANA ALEXANDRA ALVES RUFINO
  • Data: Dec 7, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • Urban sprawl without proper landuse use has caused harm to population due to increased stormwater runoff. This study aims to obtain the minimum permeable area fraction of an endorheic basin in urban expansion through application of the SWMM model. The basin will be divided into sub-basins characterized for different land use and land cover from the CN method. Using continuous simulation for different % of impervious area with six different proposed scenarios in TR of 5, 10 and 25 years. As a result, runoff coefficients, peak flows, volumes and peak time are verified in a decentralized manner. On the other hand, the study seeks to examine whether the fraction of permeable area should be the same for areas with different characteristics and what are the influences of the simulation on the results. In this way, the data will contribute to micro and macro drainage analyses of the risk of peak runoff flows.

17
  • TÁSSIO LEITE SOARES
  • COMPOSITION AND SPATIAL-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF SANITARY SEWAGE CHARACTERISTICS IN MACEIÓ/AL

  • Advisor : NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DAYSY LIRA OLIVEIRA CAVALCANTI
  • JULIANA VALENÇA MARTINS
  • MARIA RAPHAELLA DOS SANTOS VASCONCELOS
  • NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • VLADIMIR CARAMORI BORGES DE SOUZA
  • Data: Dec 26, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • The considerations of the quantitative and qualitative aspects of sanitary sewage by means of physical-chemical and microbiological analyses are of extreme importance to ensure the operation of sanitary sewage systems within the foreseen standards. It happens that the sewage network coverage in Brazilian cities is still partial, and there are places that use individual solutions or simply throw their sewage in the street beds or urban channels, turning them into unitary systems, where the sewage is carried mixed with rainwater, runoff from the spring itself and other residues. The city of Maceió/AL is developed by a low region where the lagoon and maritime coastal plain is located and a high region in the tablelands, and its coverage by sewage collection system is still in expansion, currently reaching about 40% of the population, and thus, its urban channels receive diffuse contributions of sanitary sewage throughout its course. In this context, the aim of this work was to monitor through qualitative, spatial and temporal characterization, the collecting network and urban channels of Maceió. For this purpose, biweekly collections of simple samples of raw sewage were performed in the main urban drainage channels of the city, in the sewage collection network and in the WWTP of a public hospital, during the period from December 2021 to June 2022, in order to analyze the spatial and temporal composition of the physicochemical and biological characteristics of the sewage, considering the dry and rainy periods, and the socioeconomic characteristics of the study area. The results showed that the sewage from the upper part of the city, which arrive at the ETEs, where a low-income population predominates, present constituent values typical of high-concentration sewage, while those from the lower part of the city, where a high-income population predominates, present a composition typical of medium-concentration sewage, inversely to what is mentioned in the literature, since the lower part is a coastal region where the influence of the water table diluting the sewage is more significant than the contribution of rainwater in the network. It was also verified that hospital wastewater presents typical characteristics of high concentration wastewater and that the water quality of urban channels classifies it as low concentration sanitary wastewater.

2021
Dissertations
1
  • AMANDA LIMA MORAES DOS SANTOS
  • -

  • Advisor : DANIELE VITAL VICH
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DANIELE VITAL VICH
  • KARINA RIBEIRO SALOMON
  • NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • THEO SYRTO OCTAVIO DE SOUZA
  • Data: Feb 25, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • -

2
  • VALÉRIA CARNEIRO DOS SANTOS
  • Assesment of a rooftop rainwater harvesting system by continuous simulation with subdaily data

  • Advisor : MARLLUS GUSTAVO FERREIRA PASSOS DAS NEVES
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • MARLLUS GUSTAVO FERREIRA PASSOS DAS NEVES
  • CLEUDA CUSTODIO FREIRE
  • VLADIMIR CARAMORI BORGES DE SOUZA
  • ALFREDO AKIRA OHNUMA JÚNIOR
  • Data: Sep 24, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • Sustainable urban drainage proposes alternative techniques that promotes hydrological regimes closer to their natural states. Hence, rainwater harvesting supplement water for non-potable uses and, at the same time, contributes to control storm water runoff at the source. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the performance of a rainwater harvesting system (RHS) in storm water runoff control and also the simulation method with daily data, commonly used in design of rainwater harvesting reservoirs. For this, 1 minute time interval rainfall and flow rate continuous series were used for SWMM 5.1 calibration. Then, a continuous series of seven years of gauged precipitation was used to simulate the whole system (roof - "first-flush" tank - main tank) for different non-potable water demand scenarios and this serie also used data with 1 minute time interval. The assessment was based in terms of water saving efficiency, rainwater waste ratio, reliability and peak and volume reduction rates. At calibration phase, the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient values obtained at continuous simulation of RHS were high (>0.94). At the assessment of the RHS at monitoring months, from July 2018 to March 2019, the volume and peak reductions were equal to 34% and 98%, respectively, being used rainwater volume by residents equivalents to 1.2% of average total consumption on january. At simulated period, from 2014 to 2020, the reduction rates were 45% to 48% (volume) and 98% (peak) in the six simulated scenarios. The best scenario, in terms of demand, was scenario 1 where the water saving efficiency was 0.38 and the reliability was 37%. As for the simulation method, with daily interval, for a full reliability of 90%, a daily demand of 4.3 liters/day was obtained, whereas in the continuous simulation, using SWMM, the demand was 2.4 liters/day, difference of approximately 40%. For the 90% reliability scenario, the volume and peak reductions were 13% and 95%, respectively. The relevance of monitoring the "first discharge" tank and also of the continuous simulations series with appropriate resolution was observed. The "first discharge" tank captures a part of the low intensity events and the used way of continuous simulation can represent hidden aspects at more simplified methods using daily data series without evaporation data for example. At the end of this study, it was possible to conclude that although there are challenges to reconcile the uses of rainwater harvesting, the adoption of this technique can be advantageous in storm water runoff mitigation and that, from continuous simulation with SWMM as reference, the simulation method with daily data can overestimate the volumes.

3
  • WALLISSON MOREIRA DE CARVALHO
  • Evaluation of Satellite Precipitation Product for Brazil and its Applicability for Hydrological Modeling in a Large-Scale Tropical/SubTropical Basin.

  • Advisor : CARLOS RUBERTO FRAGOSO JUNIOR
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • CARLOS RUBERTO FRAGOSO JUNIOR
  • FABIO FARIAS PEREIRA
  • REGINA CAMARA LINS
  • ANDERSON LUIS RUHOFF
  • Data: Dec 2, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • Rainfall data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission provide a new source of information with a high spatiotemporal resolution that overcomes the limitations of ground-based rainfall information worldwide. This study evaluates the performance of the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) V06 Final Run product over Brazil and investigates its applicability hydrological simulation by performing in a large-scale tropical/subtropical basin. The results showed that GPM-IMERG presents a tendency to underestimate the amount of precipitation for higher precipitation intensities, and its detection ability is spatially variant and sensitive for longitude. Moreover, GPM-IMERG showed better performances in regions under subtropical climates. The GPM-IMERG application for hydrological modeling context showed that GPM-IMERG could drive the hydrological model to capture the seasonal rainfall pattern and represent the spatial and temporal streamflow variations.

4
  • ANA LUIZA DE SOUSA CASTRO
  • -

  • Advisor : DANIELE VITAL VICH
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DANIELE VITAL VICH
  • IVETE VASCONCELOS LOPES FERREIRA
  • KARINA RIBEIRO SALOMON
  • THEO SYRTO OCTAVIO DE SOUZA
  • Data: Dec 10, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • -

5
  • WILLIAN SUZARTE CRUZ
  • .

  • Advisor : KARINA RIBEIRO SALOMON
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DANIEL PINTO FERNANDES
  • FERNANDA SANTANA PEITER
  • KARINA RIBEIRO SALOMON
  • MATEUS HENRIQUE ROCHA
  • Data: Dec 18, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • .

2020
Dissertations
1
  • DIEGO DA SILVA LIMA
  • MODEL FOR FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT URBAN DRAINAGE
  • Advisor : VLADIMIR CARAMORI BORGES DE SOUZA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • VLADIMIR CARAMORI BORGES DE SOUZA
  • VALMIR DE ALBUQUERQUE PEDROSA
  • MARLLUS GUSTAVO FERREIRA PASSOS DAS NEVES
  • CARLOS DE OLIVEIRA GALVAO
  • Data: Feb 17, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • This dissertation consists of proposing a financing model for urban drainage, evaluated in Maceió/AL and Paulo Jacinto/AL. Based on the concepts of deficit and investment data made in the last five years in the study area, three models were simulated, based on the formulations of Tasca (2016), Tucci (2002) and Semasa (1997). The results of this research estimate an an-nual loss of R$ 8.2 billion per year, in Brazil, due to the deficit of financial contribution in urban drainage actions. The average monthly fee, obtained for a 100 square meter lot, is R$ 1.65 for the city of Maceió/AL and R$ 0.91 for the town of Paulo Jacinto/AL. The value obtained is lower than the average of values obtained in international experiences, as a result of two points: the lower level of investment made, as well as the refusal to recover investment costs, since only the amount referring to the operation and maintenance of the drainage system.

2
  • ANTONIONI DUARTE LINS GUERRERA
  • COMPORTAMENTO DA CAFEÍNA EM MEIO NÃO SATURADO, UTILIZAÇÃO DE ENSAIOS DE COLUNA PARA SEDIMENTOS DA FORMAÇÃO BARREIRAS E DEPÓSITOS LITORÂNEOS

  • Advisor : CLEUDA CUSTODIO FREIRE
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • CLEUDA CUSTODIO FREIRE
  • EDUARDO LUCENA CAVALCANTE DE AMORIM
  • JAIME JOAQUIM DA SILVA PEREIRA CABRAL
  • Data: Feb 17, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Uma forma de verificar a origem de um potencial contaminante é através da presença da cafeína no meio, uma vez que a mesma é um indicador direto de contaminação por efluentes domésticos. É neste sentido que este estudo buscou compreender a relação da quantidade de cafeína encontrada nas águas subterrâneas com a quantidade que é lançada em superfície. Para tal, foi necessário analisar a presença da cafeína em poços de captação de água subterrânea e entender o comportamento da mesma em meio não saturado, utilizando sedimentos das unidades geológicas aflorantes da Formação Barreiras e dos Depósitos Litorâneos, onde foram realizados ensaios de coluna em três diferentes tamanhos (0,5 / 1,0 e 2 metros) e lançada solução de cafeína pré-definida em cada uma delas (para cada tipo de sedimento específico) e coletado em seu final, permitindo assim obter a capacidade de retenção desses sedimentos. Os resultados mostram que para a formação Barreiras, a cafeína foi retida apenas no primeiro metro de sedimentos, próxima dos 100 mg/l, onde a partir daí, tais sedimentos não foram mais capazes de agir em sua remoção. Já os Depósitos Litorâneos removeu a cafeína de maneira progressiva, permitindo deduzir que quanto maior for a profundidade dos sedimentos, maior será sua capacidade de reter. Quando analisado tais resultados com a quantidade de cafeína presente nos poços de águas subterrâneas, o valor abaixo do limite de quantificação de análise permitiu deduzir que para os Depósitos litorâneos a quantidade de cafeína lançada nas proximidades do poço foi inferior a 350 mg/L, Já para os poços localizados na formação Barreiras, a quantidade foi inferior a 100 mg/L ou, caso tenha sido superior, a zona saturada foi a responsável por reter a mesma

3
  • CARLOS ANDRÉ SILVESTRE MEDEIROS DE ALMEIDA
  • Prospecção do lodo de ETE com capim elefante e óleo de cozinha residual como alternativa energética a produção de Pellets

  • Advisor : KARINA RIBEIRO SALOMON
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • EDUARDO LUCENA CAVALCANTE DE AMORIM
  • IVO DA SILVA
  • JOHNNATAN DUARTE DE FREITAS
  • KARINA RIBEIRO SALOMON
  • Data: Feb 18, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • A correta destinação de resíduos é de extrema importância para a sociedade e o para o meio ambiente. Para alcançar esse propósito novas pesquisas de reuso destes são convenientes. A utilização de pellets tem difundido com este propósito, fornecendo alternativas energéticas com satisfatórios resultados. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar as características elementares, químicas e energéticas de pellets produzidos com lodo de ETE combinado com capim elefante e óleo de cozinha residual para a concepção energética, para isso também aplicou-se a técnica de torrefação nos pellets e analisados com intuito de aumento de poder calorífico. Adotou-se diferentes proporções de lodo e capim. Foram analisados os parâmetros de umidade, densidade a granel, composição elementar, análise química imediata (cinzas, teor de voláteis e carbono fixo), poder calorífico, teor de finos, resistência e durabilidade mecânica. Os pellets com maior proporção de lodo apresentaram menor poder calorífico e maior teor de cinzas, porém maior densidade a granel, maior resistência e durabilidade mecânica e menor teor de finos. O óleo conferiu nos pellets aumento de poder calorífico, assim como a técnica de torrefação. Os pellets apresentaram boa qualidade em quase todos os parâmetros determinados pela norma de pellets EN 14961-6.

4
  • THAÍS PEIXOTO SOUZA
  • Análise de métodos de outorga considerando os aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos

  • Advisor : CLEUDA CUSTODIO FREIRE
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • CARLOS RUBERTO FRAGOSO JUNIOR
  • CLEUDA CUSTODIO FREIRE
  • JOANA DARC FREIRE DE MEDEIROS
  • MARLLUS GUSTAVO FERREIRA PASSOS DAS NEVES
  • Data: Feb 18, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Como instrumento da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, a outorga de direito de uso dos recursos hídricos assegura o controle quantitativo e qualitativo dos usos da água e o efetivo exercício dos direitos de acesso à mesma. O usuário outorgado se apropria de determinado volume do recurso hídrico, seja captando água ou lançando efluentes, deixando este volume indisponível para outros usuários. Diante disto, surge a dificuldade de adotar uma metodologia que, utilizando dados disponíveis, retrate a capacidade de um determinado corpo hídrico receber novas descargas de efluentes. Diversos métodos têm sido aplicados por órgãos gestores a fim de garantir uma alocação ótima da água para os usuários sem comprometer a qualidade dos recursos hídricos. Este trabalho avaliou métodos distintos de análise da disponibilidade hídrica em termos de quantidade e qualidade, afim de encontrar a metodologia mais eficaz e precisa, com resultados mais próximos da realidade. O estudo de caso foi feito na bacia hidrográfica de domínio federal Paraíba do Meio, localizada entre os estados de Pernambuco e Alagoas. Os resultados mostram que quando considerados os aspectos qualitativos (lançamento de efluentes) em relação à disponibilidade hídrica, o número de trechos comprometidos é significativamente maior. Observou-se também que a utilização de modelagem hidrológica acoplada a um SIG fornece resultados mais precisos e de melhor visualização, facilitando a tomada de decisão do órgão gestor.

5
  • JANIARA ALVES BATISTA
  • Influência das distintas dominialidades das águas no Brasil na gestão dos recursos hídricos - Estudo de caso

  • Advisor : CLEUDA CUSTODIO FREIRE
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • CLEUDA CUSTODIO FREIRE
  • VALMIR DE ALBUQUERQUE PEDROSA
  • JAILDO SANTOS PEREIRA
  • Data: Feb 18, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • A dominialidade das águas é considerada um fator de complexidade na gestão das águas no Brasil. Embora a Lei nº 9.433/1997 redija sobre a necessidade de se realizar uma gestão integrada, essa ainda não é a realidade do país. A dominialidade em conjunto com a não integração entre os órgãos gestores de recursos hídricos das diferentes esferas pode refletir no comportamento dos usuários de água. As regulamentações estaduais sobre cobrança e outorga são agentes motivadores de uma eventual alternância entre fontes de captação, principalmente devido à possibilidade da existência ou não da cobrança, bem como ao fato das águas superficiais apresentarem um maior avanço na implementação deste instrumento em relação às subterrâneas. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento dos usuários de recursos hídricos no Brasil de uma bacia hidrográfica de domínio federal em decorrência dos critérios adotados para outorga e cobrança em cada unidade federativa – UF da bacia. Nesse intuito, foi realizado o levantamento das legislações pertinentes à gestão de águas nas UF, bem como das outorgas superficiais e subterrâneas concedidas. A partir do reconhecimento dos usuários mais expressivos em cada unidade, foi realizada uma análise com a finalidade de observar os reflexos da dominialidade e da gestão realizada na bacia sobre o comportamento do usuário. Constatou-se que a dominialidade reflete no comportamento dos usuários de recursos hídricos de forma que estes migram entre fontes de captação ou reduzem suas demandas diante da implementação da cobrança e buscam fontes que possam ofertar maiores volumes para concessão.

6
  • FAUSTO DINIZ DE SOUZA
  • A influência das obras de adequação da capacidade rodoviária na qualidade da água dos corpos hídricos

  • Advisor : KARINA RIBEIRO SALOMON
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • KARINA RIBEIRO SALOMON
  • EDUARDO LUCENA CAVALCANTE DE AMORIM
  • IVETE VASCONCELOS LOPES FERREIRA
  • MARCIO GOMES BARBOZA
  • NEYSON MARTINS MENDONÇA
  • Data: Feb 19, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Empreendimentos rodoviários possuem importância no desenvolvimento socioeconômico de uma região. No entanto, geram diversos impactos ao meio ambiente, e parte desses pode estar diretamente relacionada com a qualidade da água dos corpos hídricos interceptados, que pode ser considerada um importante indicador de passivos ambientais, provenientes das obras ou não, possibilitando a identificação de locais problemáticos e sua remediação. Este estudo verificou a influência das obras de duplicação da BR-101 na qualidade da água de vinte cursos d’água interceptados por essa rodovia em Alagoas, onde, através de dados obtidos referentes as análises físico-químicas e exames microbiológicos da água, de acordo com a resolução Conama 357/2005. Foi avaliada a variação temporal de 26 parâmetros relacionados à qualidade da água, e a análise de variância apontou alterações significativas e favoráveis para oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica, DBO, sólidos dissolvidos totais, pH, sólidos fixos, sólidos totais, coliformes termotolerantes, coliformes totais, clorofila-a, nitrito, fósforo, ferro e mercúrio. Nos demais rios que não foram observadas alterações significativas através da análise de variância, ainda sim, houve mudança na classificação de alguns, sendo essas tanto favoráveis quanto desfavoráveis. Utilizou-se os valores dos parâmetros obtidos para avaliar o Índice de Qualidade da Água (IQA), que além de caracterizar a água como de boa qualidade durante as fases da obra em praticamente todos os rios, apontou que, dos 11 corpos hídricos que tiveram suas obras concluídas, 8 obtiveram aumento desse índice quando comparados ao período anterior às obras.

7
  • OLGA ELIZA ROCHA E SILVA
  • Produção de biogás a partir da co-digestão anaeróbia de capim-elefante com vinhaça em reator em batelada

  • Advisor : EDUARDO LUCENA CAVALCANTE DE AMORIM
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • EDUARDO LUCENA CAVALCANTE DE AMORIM
  • DANIELE VITAL VICH
  • ANDERSON CARLOS MARAFON
  • NORMA CANDIDA DOS SANTOS AMORIM
  • Data: Feb 20, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a produção de biogás a partir da co-digestão do capim-elefante e vinhaça, utilizando biodigestor em batelada e lodo de reator UASB tratando efluentes domésticos, como inóculo. O capim-elefante foi testado na forma de caldo, prensado com concentração de DQO da ordem de 8.534,21 mg/L. O caldo foi misturado a vinhaça, que apresentou cerca de 30.000 mg/L de DQO, em diferentes proporções %v/c (A - 25/75, B - 50/50, C - 75/25, D - 100/0, E - 0/100) no ensaio I. Além disso foi testado o efeito da diluição dos substratos, como também a adição de alcalinizante as condições que apresentaram a maior produção de metano (ensaio II). Foram utilizados reatores de 106 mL e bicarbonato de sódio como alcalinizante em diferentes concentrações. O rendimento da co-digestão do biogás foi avaliado para as proporções de mistura e para cada um dos substratos separadamente, o rendimento de produção de metano acumulou valores de 7,63 – 370,94 mLCH4/gSV e foi possível verificar que a proporção que dentre as condições experimentais avaliadas, B - 50/50 apresentou a maior produção de biogás acumulada chegando a 370,94 mLCH4/gSV. As condições experimentais testadas no ensaio II apresentaram valores maiores de produção de metano que o ensaio I. A avaliação do potencial metanogênico faz parte de um projeto de pesquisa realizado junto a outras instituições do país, com o apoio da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa em Agropecuária (EMBRAPA). O trabalho atual pode fornecer informações para a otimização do projeto e operação, porém a produção de metano utilizando os substratos utilizados pode variar de acordo com as condições operacionais e concentrações estudadas.

8
  • JOSÉ CARLOS DA SILVA JÚNIOR
  • Inventário e Gerenciamento das Emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa: Estudo de Caso em Companhia de Saneamento

  • Advisor : KARINA RIBEIRO SALOMON
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DANIELE VITAL VICH
  • KARINA RIBEIRO SALOMON
  • MARCIO GOMES BARBOZA
  • STOÉCIO MALTA FERREIRA MAIA
  • Data: Feb 20, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Os inventários de emissões de Gases de efeito Estufa (GEE) são ferramentas estratégicas de gestão ambiental que estimam as emissões por fontes específicas em área geográfica e intervalo de tempo determinado. O desenvolvimento de um inventário é a primeira etapa na criação de programas voltados para melhora da qualidade do ar. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo elaborar um inventário de GEE e propor um gerenciamento de suas emissões decorrentes das atividades da Companhia de Saneamento de Alagoas (Casal) na Unidade Capital, instalada no município de Maceió, Alagoas. A metodologia empregada envolveu análise da literatura para identificar o método mais apropriado para elaboração do inventário, a coleta de dados em diversas unidades da empresa, entrevista com gestores e contabilização dos GEE. A metodologia utilizada para estimativa foi a indicada pelo Programa Brasileiro GHG Protocol, complementada com as orientações do Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC) para o caso do tratamento de esgotos. Os resultados do inventário de emissões de GEE indicam que no ano de 2018, a Casal, unidade Capital emitiu 31.099,33tCO2e, sendo 86,76% (26.980,70tCO2e) oriundas das emissões diretas, enquanto as indiretas representaram 13,24% (4.118,63tCO2e). A principal fonte de emissão foi o tratamento de esgoto. Como medidas mitigadoras para reduzir as emissões da empresa, foram sugeridas a utilização de combustíveis produzidos a partir de fontes renováveis e reflorestamento com árvores nativas. Bem como a utilização do biogás oriundo das estações de tratamento de esgoto. Além disso, foram identificadas oportunidades de melhoria para aperfeiçoamento do inventário elaborado e apontadas medidas para criação de um gerenciamento das emissões na empresa.

9
  • DÊNIS JOSÉ SILVESTRE COSTA
  • POLÍTICA DE TARIFAS E GESTÃO PARA SERVIÇOS AUTÔNOMOS MUNICIPAIS DE ÁGUA E ESGOTO

  • Advisor : VALMIR DE ALBUQUERQUE PEDROSA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • JAILDO SANTOS PEREIRA
  • NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • VALMIR DE ALBUQUERQUE PEDROSA
  • Data: Feb 28, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Os serviços de água e esgotos são, em sua maioria, prestados por concessionárias ou empresas públicas estaduais, cuja regulação e fiscalização são delegadas às agências reguladoras, o que retira do Município a competência de gerir uma parte essencial de sua infraestrutura. No entanto, a titularidade sobre o saneamento básico foi definida na Constituição Federal de 1988 como atribuição dos municípios, que podem inclusive optarem pela prestação indireta dos serviços por meio de autarquias denominadas Serviço Autônomos de Água e Esgoto (SAAE). O grande desafio dos municípios autônomos têm sido alcançar a sustentabilidade econômico-financeira por meio de preços acessíveis tendo em vista a grandiosidade das perdas na operação de redes e na gestão comercial dos serviços, provenientes da falta de planejamento e de questões políticas sobrejacentes que evidenciam carências que já não podem esperar por serem solucionadas. Os resultados são altos custos fixos e variáveis para manutenção dos serviços que limitam a capacidade de investimentos e impactam em preços mais elevados para os menores usuários, da categoria residencial e das primeiras faixas de consumo, que por sinal, são responsáveis por 96,43% do faturamento e por mais de 80% da arrecadação anual. O atual modelo tarifário brasileiro trai o prognóstico de garantir distribuição de renda, recuperação dos custos e incentivar o consumo consciente, mostrando inconveniência e regressividade, motivo pelo qual se justifica a reestruturação do setor, que proporcione a satisfação dos usuários e uma atuação estritamente técnico-profissional dos prestadores de serviços. A nova política mostra-se mais do que um estrutura de cobrança para municípios de pequeno porte, mas também um instrumento para gestão dos serviços, ao definir diretrizes para compliance e atendimento da Política Nacional de Saneamento Básico, que ainda não se cumpre na realidade do SAAE Cajueiro/AL.

10
  • NELSON DE MELO COSTA NETO
  • Comparison of algae removal performance with and without cell lysis, in water treatment plants
  • Advisor : NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DAYSY LIRA OLIVEIRA CAVALCANTI
  • ELIZABETH REGINA HALFELD DA COSTA
  • MARIA RAPHAELLA DOS SANTOS VASCONCELOS
  • NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • Data: Mar 31, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • The contamination of water resources and public supply springs from human activities
    has been a risk factor due to the flowering of algae and cyanobacteria, which produce toxins
    harmful to human and environmental health. Technologies with and without cell lysis have been
    employed to remove cyanotoxins from water for human supply. However, studies of both
    technologies for natural waters with low and high cyanobacterial concentrations are still scarce.
    In this sense, this work aimed to analyze the performance of the two technologies used in the
    removal of these organisms, with chlorination for pre-oxidation promoting cell lysis followed
    by adsorption in PAC (activated carbon powder) for the removal of chlorophyll a and
    cyanotoxins, and the coagulation technology with aluminum sulfate and PAC (polyaluminium
    chloride) for the removal of whole cyanobacteria in two types of water with the presence of
    cyanobacteria below 20,000 cel/mL (water type 1) and above 150,000 cel/mL (water type 2).
    The results showed that for type 1 water the application of cyanobacteria removal technology
    with intact cells with aluminum sulfate is more feasible, while for type 2 water with high
    concentrations of chlorophyll-a and algae the results suggest that only the use of aluminum
    polychloride (PAC) is the alternative that promotes removal within the parameters of the
    legislation for cyanobacteria.

11
  • DANIEL LUIS GOMES ARAUJO
  • LOW COST OPTICAL PROBE FOR WATER QUALITY MONITORING: TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
    AND PROOF OF CONCEPT

  • Advisor : CARLOS RUBERTO FRAGOSO JUNIOR
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • CARLOS RUBERTO FRAGOSO JUNIOR
  • NELIA HENRIQUES CALLADO
  • CARLOS EDUARDO DE FARIAS SILVA
  • DAVID MANUEL LELINHO DA MOTTA MARQUES
  • Data: Apr 8, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • The monitoring of water quality is a tool widely used in the control of water bodies and to
    evaluate the treatment processes of supply and wastewater. Because they are of fast
    determination, the physical parameters color and turbidity are very useful in monitoring water
    quality. Another important parameter is chlorophyll since this is an indirect way to evaluate the
    presence of algae in treated effluents and water bodies due to the eutrophication process.
    However, laboratory methods for analysis of these parameters have little practicality for field
    use. The use of field probes capable of continuously monitoring these parameters decreases the
    high costs associated with collecting, transporting and treating samples in the laboratory, as
    well as the time required for results to be available. Although some probes do not have the
    accuracy of laboratory equipment, or even other field analysis solutions, the continuity of
    monitoring produces extremely useful data for the evaluation of transient events or indicating
    problems that need immediate correction. Thus, this work aimed to develop a low-cost optical
    probe to facilitate the monitoring of water quality through analysis of color, turbidity and
    chlorophyll-a, with the validation of its use in a natural water body and in an effluent treatment
    plant by stabilization ponds. The results show that the equipment developed has the capacity to
    perform the environmental monitoring of the characteristics proposed in the effluent treatment
    station, provided that it is properly calibrated and its measuring ranges are respected. The
    results, however, were inconclusive in the application of the equipment in the natural
    environment, due to the complexity of the optical characteristics of the ecosystem used as a
    model.

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