The government of the State of Alagoas, in 2014, enacted the law that created the Remunerated Voluntary Service Program, which aimed primarily at reducing the number of homicides through the promotion of a culture of peace in the state and integration with other measures that bring greater security to the population. That said, the objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of the program popularly known as Task Force, on homicide indicators. The strategy for conducting the analysis will follow the synthetic control methodology, in pursuit of obtaining a counterfactual for this indicator, estimating in turn, the impact of the program. Data were extracted from microdata produced by the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (Pnadc), by the Atlas da Violência from Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea), and through the databases of Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM - DATASUS), between the period of 2010 to 2021, aiming to analyze the trajectory of the variables of interest. The results show that, if the Task Force Program had not been implemented, the trajectory of the number of homicides would have continued on a trend of steep growth. In a long-term analysis, there is a decrease of over 50.02% in homicides between 2014 and 2021, in contrast with the projection of synthetic control, which showed a smaller reduction, about 17.06%. It is estimated that with the implementation of the program, 4,086 lives have been saved. Therefore, evidence has been found that the said policy has been successful in what it proposed, reducing the increasing trajectory of the number of homicides, showing that the adopted public policy can be effective in reducing violent crimes, which does not exempt the need for monitoring of these data so that the policy continues to yield positive results.

This work sought to investigate how the Bolsa Família Program - PBF impacted migration, long-term migration and return migration, focusing on each of the three poorest states in Brazil (Alagoas, Maranhão and Piauí). Making use of microdata from the 2010 Population Census, submitted to the Propensity Score Matching method – PSM for the nearest neighbor algorithms, five nearest neighbors, Inverse-probability-weighted regression adjustment – IPWRA and Ordinary Least Squares – OLS. The study showed that PBF negatively impacts migration, in addition to positively stimulating long-term migration and return migration. To verify the robustness of the observed results, the research performed the Mantel-Haenszel test and the Oster approach (2015). Finally, an additional analysis was also carried out investigating the impact of the PBF on individuals in rural and urban areas separately, which presented different results.

This dissertation aims to study hospital admissions due to intestinal infectious diseases in childhood, considered a public health problem, seeking to capture the socioeconomic determinants that directly impact the development of diseases in Brazilian minucipalities. Thus, it sought to detect the determinants of hospital admissions in the period from 2010 to 2015, using data obtained from the DATASUS and PNUD portal. To meet the objective of the study, descriptive statistics were used using the Quantile Regression model. It was found that hospital admissions have an irreparable harm in children under five years of age, because the child’s immune system is still fragile and not fully informed, it was identified that the lowest average rate of hospitalizations are in the South and Southeast regions and the highest rates of hospitalizations per region are in the North and Northeast because they are socioeconomically disadvantaged regions, wait for other regions and that even with incentives for health programs aimed at children, we still have a considerable number of hospitalizations in the country. The results found show that the variables that directly impact the increase in hospitalizations for this population group are: per capita income, the gini index, the percentage of children in households where no one has completed elementary school, the percentage of people in households whit inadequate water supply and sanitation, percentage of urban population, number of resident physicians per thousand inhabitants, number of resident nurses per thousand inhabitants and number of hospital beds per thousand resident inhabitants. These variables had a major impact on the number of childhood hospitalizations in Brazilian municipalities.

The intensification of international trade that occurred from the 1980s onwards brought about the fragmentation of production, giving rise to true 'borderless factories' known as Global Value Chains. Simultaneously, instruments of Public International Law have proliferated, with Preferential Trade Agreements standing out among them. These agreements typically aim to liberalize trade and regulate various other topics, including investments, competition policy, intellectual property rights, and procurement. Over time, they have deepened, encompassing a wider range of regulatory provisions within the same framework. This study sought to empirically measure the impact of Preferential Trade Agreements on Global Value Chain trade flows. Specifically, it aimed to determine whether the depth of an agreement affects this specific type of trade. Furthermore, it analyzed whether differences exist based on the type of bilateral relationship, taking into account the development level of the countries involved, as well as the type of participation in Global Value Chains and the specific provisions within each agreement. The research sample included 75 countries, comprising 40 developed and 35 developing countries, spanning the period from 1995 to 2019 at three-year intervals. The study employed the gravity model of international trade using the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimator, which is suitable for capturing the inherent heterogeneity of international trade. The findings indicate that, overall, Preferential Trade Agreements have a positive impact on Global Value Chain flows. Moreover, the deeper the agreement, the greater its effect on this type of trade. Additionally, a more significant impact is observed in terms of backward participation, particularly among developing countries. Furthermore, when examining individual provisions, the following demonstrate the most significant positive effects, respectively: investments, services, technical barriers, intellectual property rights, competition policy, and procurement. Consequently, in addition to presenting new results based on more recent, comprehensive, and methodologically innovative data sources, this research holds important implications for foreign trade policymakers.

The problems of social and economic origin that exist in underdeveloped economies are partly a consequence of the process of concentration of wealth on the part of a minority of the population. Another characteristic that can be observed in underdeveloped economies is in relation to their labor supply, which, in general, have an unlimited supply of labor. The state of Alagoas has the worst HDI in the country, 0.631 and a nominal per capita income of R$796, ahead only of the state of Maranhão. The GINI index of the distribution of family income per capita in 2020 was 0.51, however, when the benefits of government social programs are removed, the GINI index for the region is 0.623. Contrary to this capitalist production model, we find the solidary forms of production, which are grouped in cooperatives or associations with the objective of generating employment and income for the most fragile part of society. Based on a quantitative and descriptive methodology, the work has as general objective to characterize the cooperatives of recyclable material collectors in Alagoas, analyzing the socioeconomic profile of the enterprises seeking to highlight production, income and vulnerability issues.

The starting point for the development of this project will be the analysis of the decision-making process from the perspective of neuroeconomics, in the context of female entrepreneurship. The theoretical framework will be used to explain the decision-making process by women managers of Micro and Small Enterprises (MPE's) in the retail sector of the state of Alagoas, coming from the Digitaliza-MPE's Project. The proposal for the idealization of the project is based on the following assumption: What cognitive aspects influence the strategic decision-making carried out by managers in MSE's to enhance business? The research will aim to analyze which factors induce the strategic decision-making of MSE's managers in the retail sector in the state of Alagoas. In methodological terms, the research will adopt a qualitative-quantitative approach, and will use as a technical procedure the collection of data based on a Likert Scale Survey for the questions. The expected results of the research intend to explain the perceptions of female entrepreneurship in the business world, its behaviors and limitations, contributing to the identification of techniques and analyzes focused on neuroeconomics, neuromarketing, neuroscience, nudges and decision making where it will be possible to add useful insights about the female entrepreneurship, neuroeconomics and decision making

The Northeast region of Brazil plays a crucial role in the Brazilian agricultural sector, primarily due to its production and substantial contribution to exports. This study aims to analyze the international integration of the agricultural sector in the Northeast region of Brazil from 2010 to 2021, focusing on its relationship with trade barriers, both tariff and non-tariff. The analysis employs descriptive statistics based on secondary data from national and international platforms like ComexStat and World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), with a focus on the Trade Analysis Information System (TRAINS) database. Subsequently, utilizing the gravity model, models were estimated using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML), and PPML with fixed effects (PPMFE). Results highlight significant growth in Northeastern agricultural exports, particularly in plant products. Different states, notably Bahia, Maranhão, and Piauí, significantly contribute to these exports. The Brazilian agricultural sector faces varying tariffs, affecting its global market entry, alongside numerous sanitary and phytosanitary barriers focused on horticultural products, plants, roots, tubers, and live plants, reflecting concerns for health and phytosanitary safety. Tariffs negatively impact Northeastern agricultural exports, with consistently negative coefficients, indicating that higher tariffs limit competitiveness. Non-tariff barriers, including sanitary, phytosanitary, and technical regulations, exhibit varied effects on exports, contingent on the economic approaches used in analyses, underscoring the need for more detailed product-specific analysis. The study underscores the necessity for strategic policies aiming to reduce tariffs and non-tariff barriers, enhance product quality, comply with sanitary and phytosanitary regulations, and invest in production standards. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of diversifying export destinations and exploring trade agreements to drive agricultural sector growth and contribute to the regional and national economy.

The generation of waste is linked to the advent of industrialization and population growth, which lead to constant increases in the level of production, consumption, exploration and the use of natural resources. Through recycling it is possible to return part of the waste to the production process, it is an activity that encompasses different aspects: for collectors it is a means of generating income and livelihood, for scrap collectors it is a business and for environmentalists a way to change the relationship with the environment. Cooperatives and associations carry out the selective collection process on the streets of the municipalities and inside the headquarters of the enterprises, the collectors carry out a process of segregation and improvement of recyclable material, giving the necessary inputs to the recycling value chain. The objective is to identify the main bottlenecks for the sale of recyclable material in solidary economic enterprises in the municipalities of Arapiraca, Coruripe, Maceió and Marechal Deodoro. The methodology used will have a qualitative and descriptive character through bibliographic survey and primary data collection.

This dissertation is composed of two studies in economics of education that seek to contribute with new evidence on school dropout and inequality of educational opportunities for the state of Alagoas. The first study analyzes the determinants of school dropout in the state, for elementary and high school students. In this sense, data from the Censo Escolar regarding the student's situation not available for public consultation were used, in which they were obtained through the request to the Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais (INEP) for the year 2019, and for the empirical strategy the Multilevel Logistics Model was chosen. The results showed that factors such as the characteristics of students, classes and schools in which they are inserted, in addition to the region where they study, are decisive in the decision of students to leave school. Showing a greater relevance in high school, the variables that stood out for the chance of dropping out were age, race, grade, shift, type of school and the place where they study. Finally, the second study analyzes how family background variables explain the performance and inequality of educational opportunity for students in the 5th and 9th year of elementary school in public schools in the state of Alagoas. For this, data from the Censo Escolar and the Sistema de Avaliação da Educação Básica (SAEB) for the year 2019 were used and the Inequality of Opportunities Index (IOP) by Ferreira and Gignoux (2014) were applied.The results obtained point to a better performance in mathematics than in Portuguese, especially for 5th grade students. It was also verified the relevance of the set of childhood circumstances to determine the inequality of opportunity in the state, highlighting the failure of students, however, the participation of other groups to define this inequality is highlighted, such as the relationship between parents and children, cultural habits and school characteristics.

In 2021, the total value exported by Brazil in fruit was US$ 1.06 billion, with the Brazilian Northeast responsible for US$ 780 million of this value, representing a considerable share of exports, placing the region as the main exporter in the country. The first four Brazilian states in the national ranking of fruit exports are: Pernambuco, Bahia, Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte. Among the fruits produced in the region, bananas and grapes stand out. The objective of this work is to analyze the performance and identify the determinants of Northeastern exports of grape and banana fruits. For this purpose, the gravitational model of trade was used as the basis for the estimates using PPML (Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood) and GLS (Generalized Least Square), for a better treatment of heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. The results were consistent with those found in the literature, in which trade flows for both fruits are directly related to attraction variables and inversely to repulsion. The econometric model showed that variables representing the “size” of the country, such as the HDI and the partner's population, are mainly responsible for banana exports, while for grapes, the partner's GDP and the partner's participation in the world market are more decisive. For the “repulsion” variables, the distance stood out for both fruits. In addition, it was found that the destination of exports is important for understanding Northeastern exports through the “locality dummy”, which shows greater difficulty in entering markets with greater quality requirements.

The spatial interaction between economic agents in the Brazilian labor market can result in increases in productivity for both firms and workers, increasing their revenues. Given the greater availability of paired worker-firm microdata, as the data used in this study, extracted from the RAIS (2010-2018), it is possible to advance in the control of unobserved heterogeneities of both workers and firms. There is a consensus in the literature that the spatial sorting of workers and firms is an important source of explanation for wage differentials. The objective of this study is to measure the effects of agglomeration economies on individual wages in the formal Brazilian labor market from 2010 to 2018, controlling the effects of the spatial sorting of workers and firms, and the match worker-firm on wages. In this sense, this dissertation aims to control these possible sources of bias in estimating agglomeration effects on wages. In addition, this dissertation seeks to control the bias resulting from the match worker-firm in the local labor market areas. In view of the great regional disparities in Brazil, this study also aims to analyze how the effects of agglomeration economies on wages behave among Brazilian regions and among different sizes of Labor Market Areas (LMA), thus providing evidence that can assist in the strategic planning of public policies directed to the labor market. Based on a panel data structure that follows the worker over the period from 2010 to 2018, this study uses panel data models that allow estimates for multiple fixed effects. Besides, this study used the method of estimation by instrumental variables to control the possible endogeneity between employment density and wages. The results found in the main model of this study point to a net effect of agglomeration economies on wages of around 1.69%. In addition, the results provide unprecedented evidence of the impact of agglomeration economies in the wages determination wages in each of the Brazilian regions and in each size of the local labor market areas. In general, the results found in this dissertation point to the relevance of the spatial sorting of workers and firms and of the match worker-firm in determining LMA wages in Brazil.

A new way of producing and internationally selling starts since the end of the 20th century with the intensification of globalization, characterized by Global Value Chains (CGVs), which in turn intensified international competition between countries, making gradually more complex relations. The aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the impact of participation in GVCs on economic growth, considering a sample of 63 countries, including developed and developing economies for the period from 1996 to 2015. To meet the general aim, we use an econometric methodology of panel data in its static forms, pooled OLS, fixed and random effects and by the dynamic form with Difference GMM and System GMM evaluation. The main contribution of the work to the literature is to estimate a data model in a static and dynamic panel for this period, using two global input-product matrices - the Trade in Value Added (2016 and 2018), from WTO/OECD. First, in relation to a descriptive analysis of the indicators, we found that on average, economies are increasingly integrating into GVCs, with growth rates of the gvcpart index practically throughout the period. Secondly, the econometric results show that participation in CGVs is only relevant for the economic growth when the countries participate in the generation of value added. Therefore, it is not enough just to participate in CGVs, it is increasingly important to participate as an exporter of intermediaries and not only as a mere assembler from the import of foreign content. Ultimately, we the secondary hypothesis of the work in relation to the importance of forward positioning in GVCs associated with the technological content of the sectors: as countries specialized in upstream activities in high technology, they tend to obtain more benefits in terms of economic growth than countries located upstream in primary and low-tech sectors.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo principal discutir a importância dos investimentos em infraestrutura no impulso para o crescimento econômico interno do Brasil, no período compreendido entre 2003 e 2014. Vale ressaltar que o presente estudo focará sua atenção nos setores de transporte, recursos hídricos, saneamento, habitação e energia. A metodologia utilizada ao longo da pesquisa inclui uma investigação teórico-bibliográfica e qualitativa. Esta, por sua vez, envolve revisão bibliográfica, coleta de dados e índices e interpretação das informações levantadas. Este trabalho será dividido em três capítulos, nos quais pretende-se avaliar se os investimentos realizados pelo governo federal em infraestrutura obtiveram êxito e realmente impactaram o desenvolvimento do país. As considerações finais apresentarão os resultados das análises e informações coletadas. Observou-se, ao concluir este estudo, que as aplicações nos setores de infraestrutura aqui levados em consideração destacaram-se a partir da última década, criando um paradoxo interessante com o período que vai de 1980 a 2000, quando os investimentos eram quase nulos. Além disso, pode-se afirmar que, apesar de todos os pontos positivos dos programas governamentais no que concerne à infraestrutura, nenhum deles foi capaz de sanar em definitivo e por completo alguns dos maiores problemas do país, como a pobreza e a desigualdade social. O Brasil ainda precisa avançar em setores importante, como o de energia e de saneamento, e aproveitar a capacidade total de seus recursos. Esse objetivo, como essa pesquisa concluiu, só será alcançado a partir de aplicações significativas na infraestrutura, que tanto influencia na economia e na qualidade de vida dos brasileiros.

This work seeks to make a brief analysis of some of the main theories of economic thought that are more focused on the focus of development and their respective models of economic growth and development. To this end, it asks whether it would be the most appropriate economic growth / development model. Therefore, having as main focus the new developmentalist web. And yet, we try to ask the following question: does the proposal of the new developmental theory, in fact, innovate in relation to the others? Therefore, the objective was to investigate whether, in fact, the new developmental theory represents a new paradigm for economic development, that is, whether its proposals really represent something new. In addition, check if your proposals have an empirical basis, with Brazil as the country of analysis. In this work, a brief analysis of the history of economic development was developed in the first moment, followed by a demonstration of some models of economic growth and part of the classical economic thought of development, in the second chapter. It follows with an exposition of the new developmental theory and some counterpoints to it. In the fourth part is inserted the methodology of the work in which it was performed through bibliographical and documentary analysis and through analysis of empirical data. In the fifth part it brings the results in which some of the main ideas of the new developmental theory are confirmed, as for example, that the exchange rate remained very appreciated in the long run. Which in turn caused significant losses for the Brazilian industry. In addition to demonstrating some of the main differences between the theoretical models under analysis. Thus, through a brief historical analysis it is demonstrated that it cannot be said that the new developmentalism does not represent a paradigm break. Thus, it is concluded that the main proposals of the new developmentalism remain coherent with regard to some of the empirical analyzes that were carried out in this work. However, as it is still in the process of empirical review, it does not yet represent a paradigm break.

Garantias laborais são indissociáveis das políticas de desenvolvimento. Se os anos 1930 marcam o início da industrialização e a formação do mercado consumidor interno no Brasil, todo o arcabouço de valorização do trabalho construído no período reflete o modelo que perdurou por cinquenta anos. Com o seu esgotamento, flexibilização e precarização do trabalho serão introduzidas, a partir dos anos 1990, como resposta neoliberal de retirada do Estado da economia e das relações entre patrões e empregados. Essas políticas serão abrandadas durante os quinze primeiros anos do século XXI que não se configuram como ponto de inflexão, mas pontuam vitórias simbólicas para os trabalhadores. O período antecede nova retomada conservadora, ainda mais voraz em direitos trabalhistas, que culminou na reforma trabalhista de 2017. Diante deste quadro, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as principais transformações no mundo do trabalhoentre o período de 1930 a 2017. Para isso, será feita uma ampla revisão da literatura e utilização de dados secundários sobre o mercado de trabalho brasileiro, no período citado, bem como uma análise das principais mudanças na legislação trabalhista brasileria e como isto impacta no desenvolvimento econômico do país. Ao final, espera-se comprovar nossa hipótese de que a reforma trabalhista de 2017 faz um resgate das políticas implementadas nos anos 1990, com prejuízos ainda maiores para a classe trabalhadora.